Echinoderms(PhylumEchinodermata) are aphylumofmarineanimals. The adults are recognized easily by their (usually five-point) radial symmetry, and include such well known animals as sea stars, sea urchins, sand dollars, and sea cucumbers. Echinoderms are found at every ocean depth, from theintertidal zoneto theabyssal zone. The phylum contains about 7000 livingspecies[1], making it the second-largest grouping ofdeuterostomes(a superphylum), after thechordates(which include thevertebrates, such ashumans,sharksandfrogs). Echinoderms are also the largest phylum that has no freshwater or terrestrial (land-based) representatives.
Aside from the hard-to-classifyArkarua(aPrecambriananimal with Echinoderm-like pentamerous radial symmetry), the first definitive members of the phylum appeared near the start of theCambrianperiod. The word "Echinoderm" is derived from theGreekἐχινοδέρματα(echinodermata), plural ofἐχινόδερμα(echinoderma), "spinyskin" fromἐχινός(echinos), "sea-urchin", originally "hedgehog,"andδέρμα(derma), "skin"
The echinoderms are important both biologically and geologically. Biologically, there are few other groupings so abundant in thebiotic desertof thedeep sea, as well as shallower oceans. The more notably distinct trait, which most echinoderms have, is their remarkable powers ofregenerationof tissue, organs, limbs, and of asexual reproduction, and in some cases, complete regeneration from a single limb. Geologically, the value of echinoderms is in theirossifiedskeletons, which are major contributors to manylimestoneformations, and can provide valuable clues as to the geological environment. Further, it is held by some scientists that the radiation of echinoderms was responsible for theMesozoic revolution of marine life.